Due to the very limited interface of the upper arm bone and shoulder blade, the shoulder is the most mobile joint of the human body.
Figure 1. Shoulder Abduction.
Figure 2. Shoulder Adduction.
Transverse Abduction
Shoulder transverse abduction moves the upper arm away from the chest with the elbow facing down – see Figure 3.
Figure 3. Shoulder Transverse Abduction.
Transverse Adduction
Shoulder transverse adduction moves the upper arm towards and across the chest with the back of the arm facing down – see Figure 4.
Figure 4. Shoulder Transverse Adduction.
Figure 5. Shoulder Extension.
Figure 6. Shoulder Flexion.
Transverse Extension
Shoulder transverse extension moves the upper arm away from the chest with the elbow out to the side – see Figure 7.
Figure 7. Shoulder Transverse Extension.
Transverse Flexion
Shoulder transverse flexion moves the upper arm towards and across the chest with the elbow facing out to the side – see Figure 8.
Figure 8. Shoulder Transverse Flexion.
External Rotation
Shoulder external rotation (or lateral rotation) turns the upper arm outwards – see Figure 9.
See also Internal and External Rotation of the Arms in the Golf Swing.
Figure 9. Shoulder External Rotation.
Internal Rotation
Shoulder internal rotation (or medial rotation) turns the upper arm inwards – see Figure 10.
See also Internal and External Rotation of the Arms in the Golf Swing.
Figure 10. Shoulder Internal Rotation.
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